页面所有者:跟踪每个页面的分配者

简介

页面所有者用于跟踪每个页面的分配者。它可以用于调试内存泄漏或查找内存占用者。当发生分配时,有关分配的信息(例如调用堆栈和页面顺序)会存储到每个页面的特定存储空间中。当我们需要了解所有页面的状态时,我们可以获取并分析这些信息。

虽然我们已经有用于跟踪页面分配/释放的跟踪点,但使用它来分析谁分配了每个页面相当复杂。我们需要扩大跟踪缓冲区以防止重叠,直到用户空间程序启动。而且,启动的程序会不断转储跟踪缓冲区以供后续分析,并且它会以更大的可能性改变系统行为,而不是仅仅将其保留在内存中,因此不利于调试。

页面所有者还可以用于各种目的。例如,可以通过每个页面的 gfp 标志信息获取准确的碎片统计信息。如果启用了页面所有者,则它已经实现并激活。非常欢迎其他用途。

它还可以用于显示所有堆栈及其当前分配的基页数量,这让我们能够快速了解内存的去向,而无需筛选所有页面并匹配分配和释放操作。

页面所有者默认禁用。因此,如果您想使用它,需要在启动命令行中添加“page_owner=on”。如果内核构建时启用了页面所有者,但由于未启用启动选项而在运行时禁用,则运行时开销很小。如果在运行时禁用,则不需要内存来存储所有者信息,因此没有运行时内存开销。并且,页面所有者仅在页面分配器热路径中插入了两个不太可能的分支,如果未启用,则分配就像没有页面所有者的内核一样完成。这两个不太可能的分支不应影响分配性能,尤其是在静态键跳转标签修补功能可用时。以下是由于此功能导致的内核代码大小更改。

虽然启用页面所有者会使内核大小增加几千字节,但大部分代码都在页面分配器及其热路径之外。在构建内核时启用页面所有者,并在需要时启用它,这将是调试内核内存问题的好选择。

有一个由实现细节引起的注意事项。页面所有者将信息存储到 struct page 扩展的内存中。此内存的初始化时间晚于稀疏内存系统中页面分配器开始的时间,因此,在初始化之前,可以分配许多页面,并且它们将没有所有者信息。为了解决这个问题,这些早期分配的页面会被调查并在初始化阶段标记为已分配。尽管这并不意味着它们具有正确的所有者信息,但至少我们可以更准确地判断页面是否已分配。在 2GB 内存的 x86-64 VM 机器上,捕获并标记了 13343 个早期分配的页面,尽管它们主要从 struct page 扩展功能分配。无论如何,在那之后,没有页面处于未跟踪状态。

用法

  1. 构建用户空间助手

    cd tools/mm
    make page_owner_sort
    
  2. 启用页面所有者:在启动命令行中添加“page_owner=on”。

  3. 执行您要调试的任务。

  4. 分析页面所有者的信息

    cat /sys/kernel/debug/page_owner_stacks/show_stacks > stacks.txt
    cat stacks.txt
     post_alloc_hook+0x177/0x1a0
     get_page_from_freelist+0xd01/0xd80
     __alloc_pages+0x39e/0x7e0
     allocate_slab+0xbc/0x3f0
     ___slab_alloc+0x528/0x8a0
     kmem_cache_alloc+0x224/0x3b0
     sk_prot_alloc+0x58/0x1a0
     sk_alloc+0x32/0x4f0
     inet_create+0x427/0xb50
     __sock_create+0x2e4/0x650
     inet_ctl_sock_create+0x30/0x180
     igmp_net_init+0xc1/0x130
     ops_init+0x167/0x410
     setup_net+0x304/0xa60
     copy_net_ns+0x29b/0x4a0
     create_new_namespaces+0x4a1/0x820
    nr_base_pages: 16
    ...
    ...
    echo 7000 > /sys/kernel/debug/page_owner_stacks/count_threshold
    cat /sys/kernel/debug/page_owner_stacks/show_stacks> stacks_7000.txt
    cat stacks_7000.txt
     post_alloc_hook+0x177/0x1a0
     get_page_from_freelist+0xd01/0xd80
     __alloc_pages+0x39e/0x7e0
     alloc_pages_mpol+0x22e/0x490
     folio_alloc+0xd5/0x110
     filemap_alloc_folio+0x78/0x230
     page_cache_ra_order+0x287/0x6f0
     filemap_get_pages+0x517/0x1160
     filemap_read+0x304/0x9f0
     xfs_file_buffered_read+0xe6/0x1d0 [xfs]
     xfs_file_read_iter+0x1f0/0x380 [xfs]
     __kernel_read+0x3b9/0x730
     kernel_read_file+0x309/0x4d0
     __do_sys_finit_module+0x381/0x730
     do_syscall_64+0x8d/0x150
     entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x62/0x6a
    nr_base_pages: 20824
    ...
    
    cat /sys/kernel/debug/page_owner > page_owner_full.txt
    ./page_owner_sort page_owner_full.txt sorted_page_owner.txt
    

    page_owner_full.txt 的一般输出如下

        Page allocated via order XXX, ...
        PFN XXX ...
        // Detailed stack
    
        Page allocated via order XXX, ...
        PFN XXX ...
        // Detailed stack
    By default, it will do full pfn dump, to start with a given pfn,
    page_owner supports fseek.
    
    FILE *fp = fopen("/sys/kernel/debug/page_owner", "r");
    fseek(fp, pfn_start, SEEK_SET);
    

    page_owner_sort 工具忽略 PFN 行,将剩余的行放入 buf,使用正则表达式提取页面顺序值,计算 buf 的次数和页面数,最后根据参数对其进行排序。

    请参阅 sorted_page_owner.txt 中有关谁分配了每个页面的结果。一般输出

    XXX times, XXX pages:
    Page allocated via order XXX, ...
    // Detailed stack
    

    默认情况下,page_owner_sort 按照 buf 的次数排序。如果要按照 buf 的页面数排序,请使用 -m 参数。详细参数是

    基本功能

    Sort:
            -a              Sort by memory allocation time.
            -m              Sort by total memory.
            -p              Sort by pid.
            -P              Sort by tgid.
            -n              Sort by task command name.
            -r              Sort by memory release time.
            -s              Sort by stack trace.
            -t              Sort by times (default).
            --sort <order>  Specify sorting order.  Sorting syntax is [+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]].
                            Choose a key from the **STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS** section. The "+" is
                            optional since default direction is increasing numerical or lexicographic
                            order. Mixed use of abbreviated and complete-form of keys is allowed.
    
            Examples:
                            ./page_owner_sort <input> <output> --sort=n,+pid,-tgid
                            ./page_owner_sort <input> <output> --sort=at
    

    附加功能

    Cull:
            --cull <rules>
                            Specify culling rules.Culling syntax is key[,key[,...]].Choose a
                            multi-letter key from the **STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS** section.
    
            <rules> is a single argument in the form of a comma-separated list,
            which offers a way to specify individual culling rules.  The recognized
            keywords are described in the **STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS** section below.
            <rules> can be specified by the sequence of keys k1,k2, ..., as described in
            the STANDARD SORT KEYS section below. Mixed use of abbreviated and
            complete-form of keys is allowed.
    
            Examples:
                            ./page_owner_sort <input> <output> --cull=stacktrace
                            ./page_owner_sort <input> <output> --cull=st,pid,name
                            ./page_owner_sort <input> <output> --cull=n,f
    
    Filter:
            -f              Filter out the information of blocks whose memory has been released.
    
    Select:
            --pid <pidlist>         Select by pid. This selects the blocks whose process ID
                                    numbers appear in <pidlist>.
            --tgid <tgidlist>       Select by tgid. This selects the blocks whose thread
                                    group ID numbers appear in <tgidlist>.
            --name <cmdlist>        Select by task command name. This selects the blocks whose
                                    task command name appear in <cmdlist>.
    
            <pidlist>, <tgidlist>, <cmdlist> are single arguments in the form of a comma-separated list,
            which offers a way to specify individual selecting rules.
    
    
            Examples:
                            ./page_owner_sort <input> <output> --pid=1
                            ./page_owner_sort <input> <output> --tgid=1,2,3
                            ./page_owner_sort <input> <output> --name name1,name2
    

标准格式说明符

For --sort option:

      KEY             LONG            DESCRIPTION
      p               pid             process ID
      tg              tgid            thread group ID
      n               name            task command name
      st              stacktrace      stack trace of the page allocation
      T               txt             full text of block
      ft              free_ts         timestamp of the page when it was released
      at              alloc_ts        timestamp of the page when it was allocated
      ator            allocator       memory allocator for pages

For --cull option:

      KEY             LONG            DESCRIPTION
      p               pid             process ID
      tg              tgid            thread group ID
      n               name            task command name
      f               free            whether the page has been released or not
      st              stacktrace      stack trace of the page allocation
      ator            allocator       memory allocator for pages